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Letter of the Latin alphabet

H
H h
(See below)

Usage
Writing arrangement	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[h] [x] [ħ] [0̸] [ɦ] [ɥ] [ʜ] [ʔ] [◌ʰ] [ç]
Unicode codepoint	`U+0048, U+0068`
Alphabetical position	8
History
Development	Η η 𐌇 H h
Time menstruum	~-700 to present
Descendants	Ħ Ƕ Ⱶ Һ ʰ h ħ $\mathbb {H}$
Sisters	И Һ Ԧ ח ح ܚ ࠄ ࠇ 𐎅 𐎈 Հ հ
Variations	(Meet beneath)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	h(10), ch, gh, nh, ph, sh, ſh, th, wh, (x)h
This commodity contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

H, or h, is the 8th letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its proper noun in English language is aitch (pronounced , plural aitches), or regionally haitch .^[1]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph argue	Proto-Sinaitic ḥaṣr	Phoenician Heth	Greek Heta	Etruscan H	Latin H

The original Semitic letter Heth most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The grade of the letter of the alphabet probably stood for a fence or posts.

The Greek Eta 'Η' in primitive Greek alphabets, before coming to represent a long vowel, /ɛː/, still represented a similar sound, the voiceless glottal fricative /h/. In this context, the letter eta is also known as Heta to underline this fact. Thus, in the Old Italic alphabets, the letter of the alphabet Heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value /h/.

While Etruscan and Latin had /h/ as a phoneme, almost all Romance languages lost the audio—Romanaian later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Spanish adult a secondary /h/ from /f/, before losing it again; diverse Spanish dialects take developed [h] as an allophone of /due south/ or /x/ in almost Spanish-speaking countries, and diverse dialects of Portuguese use it as an allophone of /ʀ/. 'H' is too used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such as 'ch', which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish, Galician, Former Portuguese, and English; /ʃ/ in French and modern Portuguese; /k/ in Italian, French, and English language; /x/ in German, Czech, Polish, Slovak, one native word of English, and a few loanwords into English; and /ç/ in German language.

Name in English

For most English speakers, the name for the letter is pronounced as and spelled "aitch"^[i] or occasionally "eitch". The pronunciation and the associated spelling "haitch" is oft considered to exist h-adding and is considered nonstandard in England.^[2] Information technology is, however, a feature of Hiberno-English,^[3] every bit well equally scattered varieties of Edinburgh, England, and Welsh English,^[4] and in Australia and Nova Scotia.

The perceived name of the letter affects the choice of indefinite article before initialisms first with H: for case "an H-flop" or "a H-flop". The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may exist a hypercorrection formed by analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, virtually of which include the audio they represent.^[5]

The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, being used by approximately 24% of English language people built-in since 1982,^[6] and polls continue to show this pronunciation becoming more than mutual amidst younger native speakers. Despite this increasing number, the pronunciation without the /h/ sound is all the same considered to be standard in England, although the pronunciation with /h/ is likewise attested as a legitimate variant.^[2]

Authorities disagree nearly the history of the letter'due south proper name. The Oxford English Dictionary says the original proper noun of the letter was [ˈaha] in Latin; this became [ˈaka] in Vulgar Latin, passed into English language via One-time French [atʃ], and past Middle English was pronounced [aːtʃ]. The American Heritage Lexicon of the English Language derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of two obsolete orderings of the alphabet, one with H immediately followed past K and the other without any K: reciting the onetime'south ..., H, K, L,... as [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, L,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for H.^[vii]

Use in writing systems

English

In English, ⟨h⟩ occurs as a unmarried-alphabetic character grapheme (being either silent or representing the voiceless glottal fricative () and in diverse digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ , , , or ), ⟨gh⟩ (silent, /ɡ/, /k/, /p/, or /f/), ⟨ph⟩ (/f/), ⟨rh⟩ (/r/), ⟨sh⟩ (), ⟨th⟩ ( or ), ⟨wh⟩ (/hw/ ^[viii]). The letter of the alphabet is silent in a syllable rime, every bit in ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed, as well as in sure other words (mostly of French origin) such as 60 minutes, honest, herb (in American simply not British English) and vehicle (in certain varieties of English). Initial /h/ is oftentimes not pronounced in the weak form of some function words including had, has, have, he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English (including most regional dialects of England and Wales) it is often omitted in all words (encounter '⟨h⟩'-dropping). It was formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite article before a discussion beginning with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, as in "an historian", but use of a is now more usual (see English language articles § Indefinite article). In English language, The pronunciation of ⟨h⟩ as /h/ can exist analyzed as a voiceless vowel. That is, when the phoneme /h/ precedes a vowel, /h/ may be realized as a voiceless version of the subsequent vowel. For example the word ⟨hitting⟩, /hɪt/ is realized as [ɪ̥ɪt].^[9] H is the eighth most oftentimes used alphabetic character in the English language (afterwards S, Northward, I, O, A, T, and E), with a frequency of about iv.2% in words.^{[ citation needed ]} When h is placed after certain other consonants, it modifies their pronunciation in diverse ways, east.one thousand. for ch, gh, ph, sh, and th.

Other languages

In the German language, the proper name of the alphabetic character is pronounced /haː/. Following a vowel, it often silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the word erhöhen ('heighten'), the second ⟨h⟩ is mute for most speakers outside of Switzerland. In 1901, a spelling reform eliminated the silent ⟨h⟩ in well-nigh all instances of ⟨th⟩ in native German words such as thun ('to do') or Thür ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such equally Theater ('theater') and Thron ('throne'), which keep to be spelled with ⟨thursday⟩ fifty-fifty subsequently the last German spelling reform.

In Spanish and Portuguese, ⟨h⟩ (" hache " in Spanish, pronounced ['atʃe], or agá in Portuguese, pronounced [aˈɣa] or [ɐˈɡa]) is a silent letter with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ˈixo] ('son') and húngaro [ˈũɡaɾu] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the sound /h/. In words where the ⟨h⟩ is derived from a Latin /f/, it is nonetheless sometimes pronounced with the value [h] in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias, Cantabria, and the Americas. Some words kickoff with [je] or [we], such as hielo , 'ice' and huevo , 'egg', were given an initial ⟨h⟩ to avert confusion between their initial semivowels and the consonants ⟨j⟩ and ⟨v⟩. This is because ⟨j⟩ and ⟨v⟩ used to exist considered variants of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively. ⟨h⟩ as well appears in the digraph ⟨ch⟩, which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish and northern Portugal, and /ʃ/ in varieties that accept merged both sounds (the latter originally represented past ⟨x⟩ instead), such as most of the Portuguese language and some Spanish dialects, prominently Chilean Castilian.

In French, the proper name of the alphabetic character is written as "ache" and pronounced /aʃ/. The French orthography classifies words that begin with this letter in 2 ways, one of which can affect the pronunciation, even though it is a silent letter either way. The H muet, or "mute" ⟨h⟩, is considered as though the letter were non there at all, and so for example the singular definite article le or la, which is elided to l' before a vowel, elides before an H muet followed past a vowel. For example, le + hébergement becomes fifty'hébergement ('the accommodation'). The other kind of ⟨h⟩ is called h aspiré ("aspirated '⟨h⟩'", though information technology is not commonly aspirated phonetically), and does not allow elision or liaison. For example in le homard ('the lobster') the article le remains unelided, and may be separated from the substantive with a bit of a glottal stop. Most words that begin with an H muet come from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas virtually words outset with an H aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or non-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some cases, an orthographic ⟨h⟩ was added to disambiguate the [v] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations before the introduction of the stardom between the letters ⟨5⟩ and ⟨u⟩: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).

In Italian, ⟨h⟩ has no phonological value. Its almost important uses are in the digraphs 'ch' /one thousand/ and 'gh' /ɡ/, likewise as to differentiate the spellings of certain brusque words that are homophones, for example some present tense forms of the verb avere ('to have') (such equally hanno, 'they have', vs. anno, 'year'), and in short interjections (oh, ehi).

Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian utilise ⟨h⟩ as a breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], often as an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced surround.

In Hungarian, the letter has no fewer than five pronunciations, with three additional uses as a productive and not-productive chemical element of digraphs. The letter of the alphabet h may represent /h/ as in the name of the Székely town Hargita; intervocalically it represents /ɦ/ equally in tehén; information technology represents /x/ in the word doh; it represents /ç/ in ihlet; and information technology is silent in cseh. As part of a digraph, it represents, in primitive spelling, /t͡ʃ/ with the letter of the alphabet c every bit in the name Széchenyi; it represents, once again, with the alphabetic character c, /x/ in pech (which is pronounced [pɛxː]); in certain environments it breaks palatalization of a consonant, equally in the name Beöthy which is pronounced [bøːti] (without the intervening h, the name Beöty could be pronounced [bøːc]); and finally, information technology acts equally a silent component of a digraph, equally in the proper noun Vargha, pronounced [vɒrgɒ].

In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin alphabet, ⟨h⟩ is also commonly used for /ɦ/, which is otherwise written with the Cyrillic letter of the alphabet ⟨г⟩.

In Irish, ⟨h⟩ is non considered an independent letter, except for a very few non-native words, however ⟨h⟩ placed after a consonant is known as a "séimhiú" and indicates lenition of that consonant; ⟨h⟩ began to supplant the original class of a séimhiú, a dot placed above the consonant, after the introduction of typewriters.

In most dialects of Smoothen, both ⟨h⟩ and the digraph ⟨ch⟩ always stand for /10/.

In Basque, during the 20th century it was not used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Spain merely it marked an aspiration in the North-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, the compromise was reached that h would be accepted if it were the start consonant in a syllable. Hence, herri ("people") and etorri ("to come up") were accepted instead of erri (Biscayan) and ethorri (Souletin). Speakers could pronounce the h or not. For the dialects lacking the aspiration, this meant a complication added to the standardized spelling.

Other systems

Equally a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), information technology is used mainly for the then-called aspirations (fricative or trills), and variations of the apparently letter are used to stand for two sounds: the lowercase class ⟨h⟩ represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small capital form ⟨ʜ⟩ represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative (or trill). With a bar, minuscule ⟨ħ⟩ is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specific to the IPA, a hooked ⟨ɦ⟩ is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a superscript ⟨ʰ⟩ is used to represent aspiration.

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

H with diacritics: Ĥ ĥ Ȟ ȟ Ħ ħ Ḩ ḩ Ⱨ ⱨ ẖ ẖ Ḥ ḥ Ḣ ḣ Ḧ ḧ Ḫ ḫ ꞕ Ꜧ ꜧ
IPA-specific symbols related to H: ʜ ꟸ ɦ ʰ ʱ ɥ ᶣ ^[10]
ᴴ : Modifier letter H is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet^[xi]
ₕ : Subscript small h was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902^[12]
ʰ : Modifier letter of the alphabet pocket-size h is used in Indo-European studies^[xiii]
ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics^[14]
Ƕ ƕ : Latin letter hwair, derived from a ligature of the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic letter 𐍈 (which represented the sound [hʷ])
Ⱶ ⱶ : Claudian letters^[fifteen]
Ꟶ ꟶ : Reversed half h used in Roman inscriptions from the Roman provinces of Gaul^[xvi]

Ancestors, siblings, and descendants in other alphabets

𐤇 : Semitic letter Heth, from which the following symbols derive
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the following symbols derive
  - 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the ancestor of mod Latin H
    - ᚺ, ᚻ : Runic letter haglaz, which is probably a descendant of Onetime Italic H
  - Һ һ : Cyrillic letter Shha, which derives from Latin H
  - И и : Cyrillic letter И, which derives from the Greek letter Eta
  - 𐌷 : Gothic letter haal

Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations

$h$ : Planck constant
ℏ : reduced Planck abiding
$\mathbb {H}$ : Blackboard bold uppercase H used in quaternion notation

Computing codes

Grapheme data
Preview	H		h
Unicode name	LATIN Majuscule H		LATIN Pocket-size LETTER H
Encodings	decimal	hex	december	hex
Unicode	72	U+0048	104	U+0068
UTF-8	72	48	104	68
Numeric character reference	H	H	h	h
EBCDIC family	200	C8	136	88
ASCII ¹	72	48	104	68

^one and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

References

^ ^a ^b "H" Oxford English language Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Lexicon of the English language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op. cit.
^ ^a ^b "'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How do you pronounce 'H'?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ Dolan, T. P. (i Jan 2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Employ of English. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2016 – via Google Books.
^ Vaux, Bert. The Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes Archived 24 May 2019 at the Wayback Motorcar. University of Cambridge.
^ Todd, Fifty. & Hancock I.: "International English language Ipod", folio 254. Routledge, 1990.
^ John C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, page 360, Pearson, Harlow, 2008
^ Liberman, Anatoly (vii August 2013). "Alphabet soup, office ii: H and Y". Oxford Etymologist. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ In many dialects, /hw/ and /due west/ accept merged
^ "phonology - Why is /h/ called voiceless vowel phonetically, and /h/ consonant phonologically?". Linguistics Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on five May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ Constable, Peter (19 April 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add together additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on xi Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 Feb 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (27 Jan 2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (20 September 2001). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add together half-dozen phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on eleven October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Everson, Michael (12 August 2005). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add together Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on fourteen June 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ West, Andrew; Everson, Michael (25 March 2019). "L2/xix-092: Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed Half H" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on xiii June 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.

External links

This sound file was created from a revision of this article dated 3 Apr 2021 (2021-04-03), and does non reflect subsequent edits.

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